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| Whitney Young Memorial Bridge ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Whitney Young Memorial Bridge
The Whitney Young Memorial Bridge is a bridge that carries East Capitol Street across the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. in the United States. Finished in 1955, it was originally called the East Capitol Street Bridge. It was renamed for civil rights activist Whitney Young in early 1974.〔Bowman, LaBarbara. "Calvert St. Span Renamed for Ellington." ''The Washington Post.'' December 12, 1974.〕〔Some sources say the renaming came in 1973. See: (Kelly, John F. "Bridges Carry Bits of History Along With the Traffic." ) ''The Washington Post.'' April 21, 2005.〕 The bridge is long, its six lanes are wide, and it has 15 spans resting on 14 piers.〔〔
==Planning==
The need for a new bridge spanning the Anacostia River was first identified in 1949 after worsening traffic at Barney Circle led to widespread citizen complaints.〔"Need for 2d Span Across Anacostia Held Urgent." ''Washington Post.'' March 13, 1949.〕 The bridge was proposed to cross the Anacostia by extending East Capitol Street over the river.〔Winship, Thomas. "Anacostia Bridge at Mass. Ave. Proposed." ''The Washington Post.'' October 31, 1949.〕 This bridge was opposed by the National Capital Park and Planning Commission (NCPPC), which asked that a bridge be built by extending Massachusetts Avenue SE through the undeveloped Hill East/Reservation 13 area and connecting it with its namesake street in the Greenway neighborhood on the east side of the river.〔 The Commission was supported by an influential group of business people and civic leaders known as the Committee of 100 on the Federal City.〔"Massachusetts Ave. Bridge Favored by Planning Head." ''The Washington Post.'' December 10, 1949.〕 D.C. officials, however, opposed this route for fear of the negative effects it would have on nearby Gallinger Hospital (later renamed D.C. General Hospital).〔"Authorities Oppose Bridge at Gallinger." ''The Washington Post.'' November 19, 1949.〕 On December 29, 1949, the three D.C. Commissioners (then the sole government of the District of Columbia) approved a bridge at East Capitol Street.〔Lyons, Richard. "East Capitol St. Site Favored for Bridge." ''The Washington Post.'' December 30, 1949.〕
But just three weeks later, the Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge opened across the Anacostia River, alleviating traffic congestion in southeast.〔"Young Says: Capital Span Relieves S.E. Traffic Ills." ''The Washington Post.'' January 22, 1950.〕 A few days later, the NCPPC voted to suspend approval for any new bridge across the Anacostia River until traffic patterns and congestion around the existing bridges were resolved and the need for a new span made clear.〔Andrews, Dorothea. "Board Vetoes Anacostia Bridge Plan." ''The Washington Post.'' January 27, 1950.〕 Federal engineers said that study would take two months.〔"East Capitol Bridge Decision to Wait." ''The Washington Post.'' January 29, 1950.〕 Members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Maryland, whose state would be impacted by eastbound traffic from any new bridge, favored the East Capitol Street site and encouraged the D.C. Commissioners to bring the fight to Congress for resolution.〔"D.C. Asked to Draft Bill for E. Capitol Street Span." ''The Washington Post.'' February 17, 1950.〕 In early March 1950, the Subcommittee on District Appropriations of the House Committee on Appropriations turned down a request to fund a study of the Massachusetts Avenue site, and the Subcommittee on the District of Columbia of the House Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments held hearings which supported the D.C. Commissioners.〔"Bridge Site Argument Rekindled." ''The Washington Post.'' March 8, 1950.〕 The Subcommittee on the District of Columbia estimated that reconstructing ramps and reconfiguring traffic patterns around existing bridges would cost $9.5 million, while building a new bridge would cost about the same.〔 Federal highway officials also testified that the bridge would help ease access to Maryland Route 214, which was originally planned to connect with the Baltimore–Washington Parkway at the District line but which had been forced into a more southerly direction.〔Ryan, Edward F. "E. Capitol Bridge Saves Planning Blunder, House Group Told." ''The Washington Post.'' March 10, 1950.〕 Members of Congress inspected both the Massachusetts Avenue SE and East Capitol Street sites,〔"Congressmen Inspect Proposed Bridge Sites." ''The Washington Post.'' March 18, 1950.〕 and the House Subcommittee approved the East Capitol span in mid-March 1950.〔"Bridge Confusion." ''The Washington Post.'' March 27, 1950.〕
A $395,000 contract studying the two sites was granted to the J.E. Greiner Co. of Baltimore, Maryland, on September 9, 1950.〔"Contract Let For Planning E. Capitol Span." ''The Washington Post.'' September 10, 1950.〕 The company was also asked to study whether the approaches from the west to the East Capitol Street span would travel along that street or be divided between Independence Avenue SE and C Street NE.〔 D.C. highway officials gave their approval to the East Capitol Street span on May 1, 1950.〔"City Heads Give Their Approval to Bridge Plan." ''The Washington Post.'' May 2, 1951.〕 The Greiner Co. had recommended a $2.7 million steel plate girder bridge.〔 The bridge was designed to pass under Minnesota Avenue SE and the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad tracks on the east side of the river and connect with Kenilworth Avenue NE.〔 The cost of the eastern approaches was estimated at $6.7 million.〔 The western approaches would split over Kingman Island and connect Independence Avenue SE and C Street NE.〔 Work on the western approaches was estimated at $2.3 million.〔 The NCPPC approved the plan on May 10,〔"East Capitol Street Span Approved." ''The Washington Post.'' May 11, 1951.〕 and the United States Army Corps of Engineers did so on August 20.〔"Army Clears E. Capitol St. Bridge Plans." ''The Washington Post.'' August 21, 1951.〕 But after a final site visit from the NCPPC in September 1951, the approaches were moved slightly westward.〔"Park Board Today Tours Bridge Site." ''The Washington Post.'' September 13, 1951; "Parade Ground Gains By New Bridge Plan." ''The Washington Post.'' September 14, 1951.〕 The new approaches required dredging from Kingman Lake and replacing it with sand and gravel to create a gently curving peninsula that extended into the western side of the lake.〔"D.C. Will Ask Bids Today on E. Capitol Span." ''The Washington Post.'' May 23, 1952.〕 of fill would be used to raise the peninsula above the low water mark, and the western approaches built on the new land.〔
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